Abstract and Minimal Vocabulary. A visual landscape in Georgia O'Keeffe, Agnes Martin, and Hilma af Klint’s paintings

Items

• Mlle Pogany
  This sculpture is a portrait of Margit Pogany, a Hungarian artist who sat for Brancusi several times in 1910 and 1911 while she was in Paris studying painting. Shortly after her return to Hungary, Brancusi carved a marble Mlle Pogany from memory, then made a plaster mold of the work, from which he cast four additional versions, including this one, in bronze. In representing its subject through highly stylized and simplified forms, the work was a significant departure from conventional portraiture. Large almond-shaped eyes overwhelm the oval face, and a black patina represents the hair that covers the top of the head and extends over the elaborate chignon at the nape of the neck. As with other motifs, this was a subject Brancusi would return to and rework in the years to come.
• The Moulin Rouge (nighttime)
  "The Moulin Rouge, much represented at the time by the artists as a symbol of a Parisian bohemia, emerges from the city landscape. In a nocturnal atmosphere, which the colorist skillfully works, sensations of that zone of the city are represented through the planning of its structure and by marking, here and there, the human movement. Painted in Paris in the early nineties where Sousa Lopes was living as a pensioner, the painting reveals a clear influence of Claude Monet. The blurring of the outlines or the media screen between the viewer and the subject reflect a treatment with Impressionist references. In a dominant tone of dark browns appear small red balls that adorn the mill, manifestation of a proper taste by the chromatic valorization of elements of the composition." -Google Arts and Culture
• Feast Scene
  "Born in 1842 in Ferrara, a town in northern Italy, Boldini became firmly established in Paris from 1871 onwards, where he very quickly became a fashionable portraitist and an important witness to the frenetic life of this rapidly expanding, modern city, with its streets, cafés and dances. Here, Boldini is certainly depicting the Moulin-Rouge just after it opened in 1889. The establishment quickly became one of the hot spots of Parisian nightlife. The vigorous and dynamic brushstrokes and the liveliness of the red recreate the feeling of fun and freedom, sweeping along diners and dancers alike in a brilliantly rendered composition. Before the Musée d'Orsay acquired it in 2010, this painting, certain parts of which remain as in sketch form, had only ever been exhibited once, in 1933 in New York." -Google Arts and Culture
• Woman with a Parasol in a Garden
  "In Woman with a Parasol in a Garden, Renoir's language is wholly impressionistic: in a setting lacking a visible horizon, the flowers and shrubs are created with tiny dabs of colour, providing a constant interweaving of textures around the two small figures. The woman, whose parasol shades her from the sun, stands close to the man as he leans down, perhaps to pick a flower, hinting at an intimate relationship. Contrary to what one may think, this canvas was not painted in the countryside but in the garden of Renoir's new studio in Montmartre. His friend George Rivière recalled: 'As soon as Renoir entered the house, he was charmed by the view of this garden, which looked like a beautiful abandoned park." -Google Arts and Culture
• The Swing
  "A young man seen from the back is talking to a young woman standing on a swing, watched by a little girl and another man, leaning against the trunk of a tree. Renoir gives us the impression of surprising a conversation – as if in a snapshot, he catches the glances turned towards the man seen from the back. The young woman is looking away as if she were embarrassed. The foursome in the foreground is balanced by the group of five figures sketchily brushed in the background. The Swing has many points in common with The Ball at the Moulin de la Galette. The two pictures were painted in parallel in the summer of 1876. The models in The Swing, Edmond, Auguste Renoir's brother, the painter Robert Goeneutte and Jeanne, a young woman from Montmartre, figure among the dancers in The Ball. The same carefree atmosphere infuses both pictures. As in The Ball, Renoir is particularly trying to catch the effects of sunlight dappled by the foliage. The quivering light is rendered by the patches of pale colour, particularly on the clothing and the ground. This particularly annoyed the critics when the painting was shown at the Impressionist exhibition of 1877. The Swing nonetheless found a buyer – Gustave Caillebotte, who also bought The Ball at the Moulin de la Galette." -Google Arts and Culture
• Divan Japonais
  "With over 200 prints from the so-called Belle Epoque, the Bremen Kunstverein’s collection of French posters is reckoned to be among the largest of its kind in Germany. This well-known poster by Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec was an advertisement for the Divan Japonais, a small café-concert hall in Montmartre decorated in the Japanese style. In the foreground is a silhouette of Jane Avril, a friend of the artist, famous for her wild and obscene dance performances. Her companion is Edouard Dujardin, the writer and founder of the Revue Wagneriénne. Above the outlines of the violin necks and the baton of the conductor in the orchestra pit, Toulouse-Lautrec allows us a glimpse of the stage, where the chanson singer Yvette Guilbert is performing. Since by this time Guilbert had long been working in larger establishments, Toulouse-Lautrec had to portray her without her head for reasons of advertising regulations. Nevertheless, she may be clearly identified by her signature long black gloves." -Google Arts and Culture
• Boulevard de Clichy
  "The Boulevard de Clichy is a street in Montmartre, the artists’ neighborhood where Vincent stayed with his brother Theo in Paris, France from March 1886. They lived nearby, first on the Rue de Laval for several months and, from June on, in a larger apartment on the Rue Lepic. The Boulevard played an important role in Van Gogh’s life. The Café du Tambourin and the Moulin Rouge were located here, as was the studio of Fernand Cormon, where he studied for a time. Several of his friends lived here as well: John Russell, Georges Seurat and Paul Signac – the “Impressionistes du Petit Boulevard,” as Vincent referred to them." -Google Arts and Culture
• An Englishman at the Moulin Rouge
  "Henri-Marie-Raymond de Toulouse-Lautrec-Monfa was the son of an aristocratic family of Toulouse. His parents could trace their ancestors all the way to Charlemagne. Since his father and mother were first cousins, their offspring inherited a serious bone disease and stopped growing early. Constantly required to rest, the little boy started drawing and painting. In one of the three windmills left as a memento on the Butte Montmartre, the Paris Moulin Rouge opened in 1889, in the place of a failed drinking establishment. Commercial show-business was already in full swing in Montmartre. Aware of this, the investors in the new venture faced up to the competition with a flood of newspaper articles and posters to reach the middle-class public: they promised sensational shows, masked balls, electric and gas lighting, and had recourse to every standard “everybody who is anybody comes here” trick. Paris by night was also an inexhaustible source of subjects for Toulouse-Lautrec. From the 1890s onwards, he was attracted exclusively by the cabaret and its stars, the circus, and the world of night entertainment. The fin-de-sičcle Paris market and critical acclaim also encouraged him in his choice of themes. The coloured lithograph, An Englishman at the Moulin Rouge displays Lautrec’s exceptional talent for caricature. In an interior of exaggerated lines and plane-like patches of colour, two prostitutes are speaking with a man in a top hat, in a frame close to the viewer. The facial expressions and self-confident postures of the women proclaim their experience on the “hunting grounds”. The artist records this crucial moment of night life with elegant economy: the largest patch of colour is the brown tone of the male figure, which is echoed in the colour of the hat of the woman opposite, just like the yellow of the background bar in the colour of the chair in the foreground. Despite the figures’ close proximity and their static posture, it is as if we are viewing a snapshot of a scene in motion. This illusion is reinforced by Lautrec’s favourite device, cutting off the edges of the picture: the scene seems to continue beyond the field of view." -Text: © ZSUZSANNA GILA, Google Arts and Culture
• Montmartre: behind the Moulin de la Galette
  "Van Gogh painted this large landscape near his home on the hill of Montmartre. The north side of the hill was dotted with vegetable gardens. Van Gogh painted with quick, loose brushstrokes, revealing the influence of (Neo)-Impressionism. The painting was shown in 1888, alongside the work of other cutting-edge artists at the Salon des Indépendants exhibition. Van Gogh was highly satisfied with this landscape. He had considered donating it to the Museum of Modern Art in The Hague, which had opened in 1884, in order to show his new work to his fellow countrymen. (See letter to Theo van Gogh, 3 April 1888). It was a plan he would never actually carry out." -Google Arts and Culture
• Boulevard Montmartre, Spring
  "One of a series of fourteen works painted between February and April, Boulevard Montmartre: Spring epitomizes Pissarro’s ability to seize unique moments, such as a specific hour or season. From his hotel room overlooking the boulevard, he captured the life and movement of the street in small, rapid brushstrokes. Pissarro considered his work very modern in conception: “I am delighted to be able to paint these Paris streets that people have come to call ugly, but which are so silvery, so luminous and vital.” Until 1935, Boulevard Montmartre: Spring was in the collection of Max Silberberg, a Jewish industrialist and art collector from Breslau, Germany. It was then sold in a forced sale by Paul Graupe’s auction house in Berlin. Max Silberberg and most of his family perished in the Holocaust. In 1999, representatives of the Silberberg Estate asked the Museum and its American Friends to make restitution of the painting. Ownership was restored to Max Silberberg’s daughter-in-law and heir. Boulevard Montmartre: Spring remains in Jerusalem on extended loan through her generosity. Formerly a bequest of John and Frances L. Loeb, New York, to American Friends of the Israel Museum, Now extended loan from the daughter-in-law of Max Silberberg, Breslau." -Google Arts and Culture
• Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette
  "This painting is doubtless Renoir's most important work of the mid 1870's and was shown at the Impressionist exhibition in 1877. Though some of his friends appear in the picture, Renoir's main aim was to convey the vivacious and joyful atmosphere of this popular dance garden on the Butte Montmartre. The study of the moving crowd, bathed in natural and artificial light, is handled using vibrant, brightly coloured brushstrokes. The somewhat blurred impression of the scene prompted negative reactions from contemporary critics. This portrayal of popular Parisian life, with its innovative style and imposing format, a sign of Renoir's artistic ambition, is one of the masterpieces of early Impressionism." -Google Arts and Culture
• Femme aux Bras Croisés (Woman with Folded Arms)
  Picasso's famous Blue Period took lace between the years of 1901 and 1904. During this period he painted almost exclusively in shades of blue. Often his subjects are depicted as sullen and depressed, looking away from the viewer.